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• Preheat And Interpass Temperature Calculator

Welcome to Preheat Calculation ProgramIn this help file you will find information and background of this program. The program itself is self expl.

• Preheating involves heating the base metal, either in its entirety or just the region surrounding the joint, to a specific desired temperature, called the preheat temperature, prior to welding. Heating may be continued during the welding process, but frequently the heat from welding is sufficient to maintain the desired temperature without a.
• Calculation software of welding. The minimum necessary preheat temperature is predicted based on a method described in the following paper.

Preheating for Welding Explained Preheating involves heating the base metal, either in its entirety or just the region surrounding the joint, to a specific desired temperature, called the preheat temperature, prior to welding. Heating may be continued during the welding process, but frequently the heat from welding is sufficient to maintain the desired temperature without a continuation of the external heat source. The interpass temperature, defined as the base metal temperature between the first and last welding passes, cannot fall below the preheat temperature. Interpass temperature will not be discussed further here.

Preheating can produce many beneficial effects; however, without a working knowledge of the fundamentals involved, one risks wasting money, or even worse, degrading the integrity of the weldment. There are four primary reasons to utilize preheat: (1) it lowers the cooling rate in the weld metal and base metal, producing a more ductile metallurgical structure with greater resistant to cracking (2) the slower cooling rate provides an opportunity for any hydrogen that may be present to diffuse out harmlessly without causing cracking (3) it reduces the shrinkage stresses in the weld and adjacent base metal, which is especially important in highly restrained joints and (4) it raises some steels above the temperature at which brittle fracture would occur in fabrication. Additionally, preheat can be used to help ensure specific mechanical properties, such as notch toughness. When Should Preheat be Used? In determining whether or not to preheat, the following array of factors should be considered: code requirements, section thickness, base metal chemistry, restraint, ambient temperature, filler metal hydrogen content and previous cracking problems. If a welding code must be followed, then the code generally will specify the minimum preheat temperature for a given base metal, welding process and section thickness.

This minimum value must be attained regardless of the restraint or variation in base metal chemistry; however, the minimum value may be increased if necessary. An example is illustrated in the next section. When there are no codes governing the welding, one must determine whether preheat is required, and if so, what preheat temperature will be appropriate. In general, preheat usually is not required on low carbon steels less than 1 in, (25 mm) thick.

However, as the chemistry, diffusible hydrogen level of the weld metal, restraint or section thickness increases, the demand for preheat also increases. There are several methods to determine the required preheat temperature for a given base metal and section thickness that will be discussed in the next section. What Preheat Temperature is Required? Welding codes generally specify minimum values for the preheat temperature, which may or may not be adequate to prohibit cracking in every application. For example, if a beam-to-column connection is to be fabricated with a low-hydrogen electrode made of ASTM A572-Gr50 and A36 jumbo sections (thickness ranging from 4 to 5 in.), then a minimum prequalified preheat of 225°F (107°C) is required (AWS D1.1-96, Table 3.2).

However, for making butt splices in jumbo sections, it is advisable to increase the preheat temperate beyond the minimum prequalified level to that required by AISC for making butt splices in jumbo sections, namely 350°F (175°C) (AISC LRFD J2.8). This conservative recommendation acknowledges that the minimum preheat requirements prescribed by AWS D1.1 may not be adequate for these highly restrained connections. When no welding codes are specified, and the need for preheat has been established, how does one determine an appropriate preheat temperature? As a basis for discussion, consider AWS D1.1-96, Annex XI: 'Guideline on Alternative Methods for Determining Preheat' which presents two procedures for establishing a preheat temperature developed primarily from laboratory cracking tests. These techniques are beneficial when the risk of cracking is increased due to composition, restraint, hydrogen level or lower welding heat input. The two methods outlined in Annex XI of AWS D1.1-96 are: (1) heat affected zone (HAZ) hardness control and (2) hydrogen control. The HAZ hardness control method, which is restricted to fillet welds, is based on the assumption that cracking will not occur if the hardness of the HAZ is kept below some critical value.

Preheat And Interpass Temperature Calculator

This is achieved by controlling the cooling rate. The critical cooling rate for a given hardness can be related to the carbon equivalent of the steel, which is defined as: CE = C + ((Mn + Si)/6) + ((Cr + Mo + V)/5) + ((Ni + Cu)/15) From the critical cooling rate, a minimum preheat temperature can then be calculated.